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| Curaçao. Foto © Laszlo Ilyes |
Lees verder in het Engels…
From 16
October to 9 November 2013, three members of the Naturalis Marine Biodiversity
Team performed fieldwork on the reefs of Curaçao investigating crabs, shrimps
and molluscs living in association with various invertebrate groups. Dives were
made at 23 locations along the southwest coast of Curaçao and one location on
the northeast coast. One dive was made by submersible with the 'Curasub' from
Substation Curaçao, exploring the deep reefs. Many new records for the Curaçao
marine fauna were established, including new associations and even species new
to science.
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| Atlantic Pearl Oyster Shrimp (Pontonia manningi) among the gills of the bivalve Atlantic Thorny Oyster (Spondylus americanus). Photo © Charles Fransen. |
Exploratory
marine biodiversity research in the Caribbean and Curaçao in particular has
been carried out extensively in the early and mid-20th century. Both deep and
shallow water research was carried out by scientists mainly from the United
States, France and the Netherlands. The historical collections from the Dutch
Caribbean were generated by trawling and dredging from large research vessels,
shore collecting, and to some extend using SCUBA. The most extensive Dutch
Caribbean collections are now housed in Naturalis Biodiversity Center in
Leiden, the Netherlands. In the last three decades, the focus of research
shifted from biodiversity to ecology, behaviour and conservation among others.
In recent years however there is a renewed interest in the biodiversity of the
Dutch Caribbean as it is threatened by human-mediated processes like climate
change, coastal development, biotic invasions, tourism and overfishing. The
Naturalis Marine Biodiversity Team is presently developing research projects in
the area. The combination of taxonomic expertise and historical collections at
Naturalis provides a solid basis for the study of biodiversity shifts caused by
human-mediated processes Selected taxonomic groups are used as a proxy to
detect biodiversity changes in the area.
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| A common sight on the reefs of Curaçao, Flamingo Tongue (Cyphoma gibbosum) on a Pseudoplexaura sp. Photo © Bastian Reijnen. |
Charles
Fransen studied a group of symbiotic shrimp, which form associations with
various reef organisms such as sponges, anemones, echinoderms, sea squirts and
molluscs. Worldwide about 600 species have been recognized of which 59 have
been recorded in the Caribbean. From Curaçao, only 7 species were previously
recorded in the scientific literature. The recent surveys recorded a total of
25 species, constituting many new records for Curaçao. Among the findings is a
new species of shrimp that lives in association with a stony coral. This type
of association has not been recorded for the Caribbean, and for the entire
Atlantic Ocean, before. Another interesting observation was made during a dive
with the Curasub. Invited by its owner, Adriaan ‘Dutch’ Schrier, the research
team joined him in a dive on the southwest shore of Curaçao to a depth of 270
metres. At about 220 metres they observed sea urchins hosting shrimps. These
sea urchins, Paleopneustes tholoformis, were collected together with the
shrimps by the meticulous manoeuvring of Curasub pilot Bruce Brandt and skilled
handling of the submersible’s collecting gear by Adriaan ‘Dutch’ Schrier
himself. The shrimp (Diapontonia maranulus) turned out to be a species known
only from a dive to 244-309 metres with the Johnson Sea Link submersible off
Grand Bahama Island. From the present study, it is expected that more extensive
research on shallow and deep reefs using SCUBA and the Curasub submersible will
yield many new records for the marine fauna of Curaçao.
Sancia van
der Meij studied coral-gall crabs (Cryptochiridae), a family of small crabs
that live in obligate symbiosis with stony corals. Currently around 50 gall
crab species are recognized from both shallow and deep reefs worldwide. Most
species have been described from the Indo-Pacific, only four species are known
from the Caribbean. One of these species was recorded from Piscadera Bay by the
Dutch carcinologist L.B. Holthuis in 1957. No other historical records of gall
crabs are available for Curaçao or, in fact, any other of the Dutch Caribbean
islands. During the expedition at least three gall crab species were recorded
from 21 different coral hosts, seven of which are new associations. One of the
newly recorded gall crab species may constitute a range extension of a species
described from Brazil. This is currently being studied in more detail.
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| Members of the Naturalis Marine Biodiversity Team in the Curasub. Left to right: Charles Fransen, Bastian Reijnen and Sancia van der Meij. Photo: Barry Brown, Substation Curaçao. |
The third
member of the team, Bastian Reijnen, studied Octocorallia (gorgonians and soft
corals) as well as members of the gastropod family Ovulidae. Most ovulid snails
live in obligate symbiosis with octocorals and are therefore highly dependent
on their coral hosts. Like the gall crabs, the highest species diversity of
both species groups can be found in the Indo-Pacific, but the Atlantic has its
own unique species. The shallow water Octocorallia were studied and described
by F.M. Bayer in the 1960s, nevertheless the expedition may have discovered
three new species of gorgonians in the shallow waters around Curaçao. Close
examination of the octocoral samples also revealed new host species for a
number of Atlantic Ovulidae, for example the Fingerprint Flamingo Tongue
(Cyphoma signatum) was found on a Purple Sea Fan (Gorgonia ventalina), whilst
it was only known from the octocoral Plexaurella dichotoma. In addition, while
deep diving with the Curasub, many rarely seen species of soft coral
(Octocorallia) were recorded. One of the questions that arose from this deep
dive with a submersible is if the gorgonians and soft corals found in deep
water have associations with new shrimp and/or ovulid species.
Material
collected will be further analysed at Naturalis Biodiversity Center in the
Netherlands using, among others, molecular techniques to reveal phylogenetic
relationships and discover possible cryptic species. Several scientific
publications describing new species, new associations and other interesting
observations are expected to be published from 2014 onwards.
Lees het hele artikel in BioNews
Bericht uitgegeven door Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA) op vrijdag 14 maart 2014
Tekst: Sancia E.T. van der Meij, Bastian T. Reijnen and
Charles H.J.M. Fransen, Naturalis Biodiversity Center
Foto's: Barry Brown, Substation Curaçao en Charles
Fransen/Bastian Reijnen, Naturalis Biodiversity Center
Gepubliceerd door: Dutch Caribbean Nature Alliance (DCNA)
Nederlandse inleiding: Paul Westerbeek (Dutch Caribbean
Nature Alliance)


























